The Research Centre Microperipheric Technologies of Technische Universität Berlin (TUB) and RECHARGE, commissioned by the JRC, reviewed, updated and consolidated data on secondary raw materials (SRMs) from batteries. The datasets included in RMIS cover the years 2000-2016 and provide extrapolated information up to 2021 for the EU28+2 based on observed trends, market information and expert interviews. These data are an update from the battery information in the ProSUM project.
A variety of data sources is compiled, updated and combined in order to get a comprehensive picture on the total mass of batteries placed on the European market. Data originating from Avicenne on the volumes of rechargeable batteries are combined with information sourced from Eurostat and European Alternative Fuels Observatory (EAFO). These are linked with statistics from several national authorities as well as with the ProSUM data for the number of electronic items. The extensive data structure takes into account battery lifetimes to calculate battery stocks and waste generation trends. Together with expert interviews, the chosen approach allows for a detailed differentiation between electrochemical systems and battery applications of portable, industrial, and automotive batteries.
Compared to the ProSUM data, the updated dataset includes more accurate information for the market for 2016-2017. It includes a review of the world market of batteries per application, cross checking of the battery chemistries according to their applications, review of quantities placed on the market in units, their residence times in different applications as well the changes in chemical compositions over time and longer time series. Updates are made for the EU-28 specific stock and flows models to calculate the batteries residing in stock in the EU and expected waste generation for each of the 52 combinations of chemistry (electrochemical family) and application (see methodological notes).
From these data, the quantities for the EU market per country are assessed and compiled for the EU28. Calculation of the stocks and flows of critical raw materials (CRMs) and other metals are made by using composition data for 20 elements, including aluminium, antimony, cadmium, cobalt, copper, lithium, manganese, natural graphite, nickel, niobium, lead, rare earth elements and zinc.
At www.urbanmineplatform.eu, more disaggregated the data per country and detailed chemistry is made available (being updated).
The data available in the data browser are aggregated at the EU28 level and where present, the 10 most relevant materials are highlighted (antimony, cadmium, cobalt, copper, graphite, lithium, manganese, nickel, lead, zinc). All data are represented as totals in tons for the EU28, for the years 2006 to 2021. The data for 2018 until 2021 are forecasted from existing observed trends. They are not based on policy scenarios nor demand scenarios provided by commercial entities.
For all charts except one, on the top left, either the individual material or the total battery weight can be selected:
Since not all battery materials like f.i. plastics and electrolytes are represented, the sum of weight of the individual materials does not equal the total battery weight. The total battery weight however does include these additional materials and components, including the weight of the electrolytes, packaging and the battery management system (BMS).
For each chart provided, the life-cycle stage can be chosen as being placed-on-the-market (POM) as new batteries, residing as in-use and hibernated batteries in stock at households and businesses and being generated as waste (potential):
In addition, the legend entries at the bottom can be selected or deselected to customize the resulting chart and to see the trends for individual entries with relatively low values. Once deselected, the entry will appear as strikethrough on the legend:
Six starting visualisations are provided to access and visualise the battery dataset:
This graph illustrates the total weight of batteries per application. Besides the active
materials
other materials and components like electrolytes, packaging, the BMS are included in the total weight.
Data are
in tons for the EU28, for the years 2006 to 2021. The data for 2018 until 2021 are forecasts.
This graph illustrates the total weight of raw materials in all possible battery types, including lead-acid (PbA), single-use (primary) batteries and industrial batteries. The trends for one or more relevant materials can be observed by (de)selecting individual materials by clicking on the legend entries.
Data are in tons for the EU28, for the years 2006 to 2021. The data for 2018 until 2021 are forecasts.
This graph illustrates the total weight of batteries as well as individual materials per chemistry
(in tons, EU28, 2006-2021). This chart includes again all battery materials and components.
Data are in tons
for the EU28, for the years 2006 to 2021. The data for 2018 until 2021 are forecasts.
This graph illustrates the total weight as well as individual materials in portable, industrial and
automotive batteries displayed according to the Battery Directive that groups them into 3 categories.
Data is represented in tons for the EU28,
for the years 2006 to 2021. The data for 2018 until 2021 are forecasts.
This graph illustrates the total weight of batteries as well as individual materials grouped by sector. The data are visualised in 5 groups. To reflect on recent developments, portable batteries are split in single-use and rechargeable (including e-bikes). xEV traction batteries are presented as a separate group as Vehicle - traction (excluding e-bikes). Other batteries include all industrial batteries, except aforementioned traction batteries.
Data are in tons for the EU28, for the years 2006 to 2021. The data for 2018 until 2021 are forecasts.
This graph illustrates the weight of batteries as well as individual materials grouped by individual xEV drivetrain type.
Data are in tons for the EU28, for the years 2006 to 2021. The data for 2018 until 2021 are forecasts. E-bike batteries are included in this chart.
